Merchandise Description
Conveyor Pulley is produced as for every consumer necessity,with principal design and style beneath national standard,high quality inspection concentrating on shaft core,welded joint,rubber material and hardness,dynamic stability and so on for for a longer time merchandise lifestyle time.
| Drive/Head Pulley – A conveyor pulley utilised for the goal of driving a conveyor belt. Usually mounted in external bearings and pushed by an external push source. |
| Return/Tail Pulley – A conveyor pulley employed for the purpose of redirecting a conveyor belt again to the generate pulley. Tail pulleys can utilize inside bearings or can be mounted in external bearings and are normally found at the end of the conveyor bed. Tail pulleys typically serve the objective of a Consider-Up pulley on conveyors of shorter lengths. |
| Snub Pulley – A conveyor pulley utilised to enhance belt wrap all around a generate pulley, usually for the objective of enhancing traction. |
| Just take-Up Pulley – A conveyor pulley employed to get rid of slack and provide tension to a conveyor belt. Take-Up pulleys are more common to conveyors of lengthier lengths. |
| Bend Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to redirect the belt and provide belt pressure in which bends occur in the conveyor method. |
The specification of pulley:
Drive Drum: is the primary ingredient of electrical power transmission. The drum can be divided into solitary drum (the angle of the belt to the drum is 210 ° ~ 230 °) , Double Drum (the angle of the belt to the drum is up to 350 °) and
multi-drum (used for substantial electricity) .
Bend Drum: is utilized for altering the operating route of the conveyor belt or escalating the surrounding angle of the conveyor belt on the driving roller, and the roller adopts a easy rubber area . The drum shaft shall be forgings and shall be nondestructive examined and the inspection report shall be supplied.
The Different Surface of Pulley:
Conveyor pulley lagging is essential to boost conveyor belt overall performance, the mix of our pulley lagging can reduces belt slippage, enhance monitoring and extends life of belt, bearing & other elements.
| Simple LAGGING:This fashion of end is ideal for any pulley in the conveyor system exactly where watershed is not necessary. It supplies extra protection towards belt put on, therefore, increasing the lifestyle of the pulley. |
| DIAMOND GROOVE LAGGING:This is the standard sample on all Specdrum lagged conveyor pulleys. It is mostly utilised for reversing conveyor travel pulleys. It is also frequently employed to enable bi-directional pulley rotation, and the sample makes it possible for h2o to be dispersed away from the belt. |
| HERRINGBONE LAGGING:The herringbone pattern’s grooves are in the route of rotation, and gives excellent tractive qualities. Every groove permits drinking water and other liquids to escape between the experience of the drum pulley and the belt. Herringbone grooved pulleys are directional and must be used to the conveyor in a method in which the grooves level toward the direction of the belt journey. |
| CHEVRON LAGGING:Some buyers specify that the details of the groove should satisfy – as completed in Chevron styled lagging. As ahead of with the herringbone fashion, this would be employed on generate drum pulleys and should be fitted in the right manner, so as to enable correct use of the pattern and drinking water dispersion also. |
| CERAMIC LAGGING:The Ceramic tiles are moulded into the lagging which is then chilly bonded to the drum pulley. This type of finish permits outstanding traction and minimizes slippage, that means that the belt pressure is lower and, consequently as a outcome, will increase the existence of the pulley. |
| WELD-ON STRIP LAGGING: Weld-On Strip Lagging can be used to bi-directional pulleys, and also has a end to allow the straightforward dispersion of h2o or any fluids between the drum pulley and the belt. |
The Elements of Pulley:
| 1. Drum or Shell:The drum is the portion of the pulley in immediate get in touch with with the belt. The shell is fabricated from both a rolled sheet of metal or from hollow metal tubing. |
| two.Diaphragm Plates: The diaphragm or finish plates of a pulley are circular discs which are fabricated from thick steel plate and which are welded into the shell at every end, to reinforce the drum.The conclude plates are bored in their centre to accommodate the pulley Shaft and the hubs for the pulley locking elements. |
| three.Shaft :The shaft is created to accommodate all the utilized forces from the belt and / or the travel device, with least deflection. The shaft is located and locked to the hubs of the finish discs by implies of a locking elements. The shaft and consequently pulley shafts are typically stepped. |
| 4.Locking Aspects:These are high-precision made products which are equipped above the shaft and into the pulley hubs. The locking elements connect the pulley firmly to the shaft via the finish plates. |
| five.Hubs:The hubs are fabricated and machined housings which are welded into the conclude plates. |
| six.Lagging: It is often necessary or fascinating to boost the friction in between the conveyor belt and the pulley in buy to improve the torque that can be transmitted by means of a travel pulley. Improved traction above a pulley also helps with the instruction of the belt. In this kind of circumstances pulley drum surfaces are `lagged` or protected in a rubberized content. |
| 7.Bearing: Bearings utilised for conveyor pulleys are generally spherical roller bearings, selected for their radial and axial load supporting traits. The bearings are self-aligning relative to their raceways, which means that the bearings can be ‘misaligned’ relative to the shaft and plummer blocks, to a specified degree. In useful conditions this indicates that the bending of the shaft beneath loaded situations as well as small misalignment of the pulley assistance composition, can be accommodated by the bearing. |
The Generation Method of Pulley:Our Products:
| one.Different varieties of Laggings can meet all kinds of sophisticated engineering demands. |
| two.Superior welding technologies ensures the relationship strength between Shell and Finish-Disk. |
| three.Large-power Locking Components can fulfill torque and bending specifications. |
| four.T-condition Stop-Discs offer optimum performance and dependability. |
| five.The standardized Bearing Assembly can make it much more convenient for the end person to substitute it. |
| six.Exceptional raw materials and advanced processing technologies allow the shaft can stand up to adequate torque. |
| seven.Minimal routine maintenance for ongoing procedure and reduced overall value of ownership. |
| 8.Scientific design and style approach incorporating Finite Element Analysis. |
Our Workshop:
| Equipment:We have innovative laser cutting devices, a complete established of smart sheet steel forming products, robotic welding and other processing and tests gear. |
| Portray: We use electrostatic spraying to ensure variety, model and top quality of coatings, thinners and curing brokers ought to fulfill the style requirements and the current appropriate national standards. The steel floor need to be totally free of welding slag, welding scars, dust, oil, drinking water and burrs prior to portray. No mispainting or omission, and the coating must be totally free of peeling and rust. Inspection strategy: observation and inspection. Uniform brushing, consistent color, no wrinkles,sagging and bubbles, very good adhesion, and the coloration separation line need to be very clear and neat. |
| Supply:The goods and product factory certificate, set up and use recommendations and drawings, a total established of connectors. After the products comes at the site, the firm quickly arranges professional and complex personnel to CZPT the installation on web site to provide clients with satisfactory services. |
| Deal:Packed with steel body or wooden box, according to the standardfor trade export or in accordance to the special specifications of clients. |
|
US $50-100 / Piece | |
1 Piece (Min. Order) |
###
| Material: | Carbon Steel |
|---|---|
| Surface Treatment: | Baking Paint |
| Motor Type: | Frequency Control Motor |
| Installation: | Horizontal |
| Carrying Type: | Light, Medium, Heavy |
| Light Bearing Aperture: | 80-100mm |
###
| Samples: |
US$ 40/Piece
1 Piece(Min.Order) |
|---|
###
| Customization: |
Available
|
|---|
###
| Drive/Head Pulley – A conveyor pulley used for the purpose of driving a conveyor belt. Typically mounted in external bearings and driven by an external drive source. |
| Return/Tail Pulley – A conveyor pulley used for the purpose of redirecting a conveyor belt back to the drive pulley. Tail pulleys can utilize internal bearings or can be mounted in external bearings and are typically located at the end of the conveyor bed. Tail pulleys commonly serve the purpose of a Take-Up pulley on conveyors of shorter lengths. |
| Snub Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to increase belt wrap around a drive pulley, typically for the purpose of improving traction. |
| Take-Up Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to remove slack and provide tension to a conveyor belt. Take-Up pulleys are more common to conveyors of longer lengths. |
| Bend Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to redirect the belt and provide belt tension where bends occur in the conveyor system. |
###
| PLAIN LAGGING:This style of finish is suitable for any pulley in the conveyor system where watershed is not necessary. It provides additional protection against belt wear, therefore, increasing the life of the pulley. |
| DIAMOND GROOVE LAGGING:This is the standard pattern on all Specdrum lagged conveyor pulleys. It is primarily used for reversing conveyor drive pulleys. It is also often used to allow bi-directional pulley rotation, and the pattern allows water to be dispersed away from the belt. |
| HERRINGBONE LAGGING:The herringbone pattern’s grooves are in the direction of rotation, and offers superior tractive properties. Each groove allows water and other liquids to escape between the face of the drum pulley and the belt. Herringbone grooved pulleys are directional and should be applied to the conveyor in a manner in which the grooves point toward the direction of the belt travel. |
| CHEVRON LAGGING:Some customers specify that the points of the groove should meet – as done in Chevron styled lagging. As before with the herringbone style, this would be used on drive drum pulleys and should be fitted in the correct manner, so as to allow proper use of the pattern and water dispersion also. |
| CERAMIC LAGGING:The Ceramic tiles are moulded into the lagging which is then cold bonded to the drum pulley. This style of finish allows excellent traction and reduces slippage, meaning that the belt tension is lower and, therefore as a result, increases the life of the pulley. |
| WELD-ON STRIP LAGGING: Weld-On Strip Lagging can be applied to bi-directional pulleys, and also has a finish to allow the easy dispersion of water or any fluids between the drum pulley and the belt. |
###
| 1. Drum or Shell:The drum is the portion of the pulley in direct contact with the belt. The shell is fabricated from either a rolled sheet of steel or from hollow steel tubing. |
| 2.Diaphragm Plates: The diaphragm or end plates of a pulley are circular discs which are fabricated from thick steel plate and which are welded into the shell at each end, to strengthen the drum.The end plates are bored in their centre to accommodate the pulley Shaft and the hubs for the pulley locking elements. |
| 3.Shaft :The shaft is designed to accommodate all the applied forces from the belt and / or the drive unit, with minimum deflection. The shaft is located and locked to the hubs of the end discs by means of a locking elements. The shaft and hence pulley shafts are often stepped. |
| 4.Locking Elements:These are high-precision manufactured items which are fitted over the shaft and into the pulley hubs. The locking elements attach the pulley firmly to the shaft via the end plates. |
| 5.Hubs:The hubs are fabricated and machined housings which are welded into the end plates. |
| 6.Lagging: It is sometimes necessary or desirable to improve the friction between the conveyor belt and the pulley in order to improve the torque that can be transmitted through a drive pulley. Improved traction over a pulley also assists with the training of the belt. In such cases pulley drum surfaces are `lagged` or covered in a rubberized material. |
| 7.Bearing: Bearings used for conveyor pulleys are generally spherical roller bearings, chosen for their radial and axial load supporting characteristics. The bearings are self-aligning relative to their raceways, which means that the bearings can be ‘misaligned’ relative to the shaft and plummer blocks, to a certain degree. In practical terms this implies that the bending of the shaft under loaded conditions as well as minor misalignment of the pulley support structure, can be accommodated by the bearing. |
###
| 1.Different types of Laggings can meet all kinds of complex engineering requirements. |
| 2.Advanced welding technology ensures the connection strength between Shell and End-Disk. |
| 3.High-strength Locking Elements can satisfy torque and bending requirements. |
| 4.T-shape End-Discs provide highest performance and reliability. |
| 5.The standardized Bearing Assembly makes it more convenient for the end user to replace it. |
| 6.Excellent raw material and advanced processing technology enable the shaft can withstand enough torque. |
| 7.Low maintenance for continued operation and low total cost of ownership. |
| 8.Scientific design process incorporating Finite Element Analysis. |
###
| MACHINE:We have advanced laser cutting machines, a complete set of intelligent sheet metal forming equipment, robot welding and other processing and testing equipment. |
| PAINTING: We use electrostatic spraying to ensure variety, model and quality of coatings, thinners and curing agents should meet the design requirements and the current relevant national standards. The steel surface should be free of welding slag, welding scars, dust, oil, water and burrs before painting. No mispainting or omission, and the coating should be free of peeling and rust. Inspection method: observation and inspection. Uniform brushing, consistent color, no wrinkles,sagging and bubbles, good adhesion, and the color separation line should be clear and neat. |
| DELIVERY:The goods and product factory certificate, installation and use instructions and drawings, a full set of connectors. After the equipment arrives at the site, the company immediately arranges professional and technical personnel to guide the installation on site to provide customers with satisfactory services. |
| PACKAGE:Packed with steel frame or wooden box, according to the standardfor trade export or according to the special requirements of customers. |
|
US $50-100 / Piece | |
1 Piece (Min. Order) |
###
| Material: | Carbon Steel |
|---|---|
| Surface Treatment: | Baking Paint |
| Motor Type: | Frequency Control Motor |
| Installation: | Horizontal |
| Carrying Type: | Light, Medium, Heavy |
| Light Bearing Aperture: | 80-100mm |
###
| Samples: |
US$ 40/Piece
1 Piece(Min.Order) |
|---|
###
| Customization: |
Available
|
|---|
###
| Drive/Head Pulley – A conveyor pulley used for the purpose of driving a conveyor belt. Typically mounted in external bearings and driven by an external drive source. |
| Return/Tail Pulley – A conveyor pulley used for the purpose of redirecting a conveyor belt back to the drive pulley. Tail pulleys can utilize internal bearings or can be mounted in external bearings and are typically located at the end of the conveyor bed. Tail pulleys commonly serve the purpose of a Take-Up pulley on conveyors of shorter lengths. |
| Snub Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to increase belt wrap around a drive pulley, typically for the purpose of improving traction. |
| Take-Up Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to remove slack and provide tension to a conveyor belt. Take-Up pulleys are more common to conveyors of longer lengths. |
| Bend Pulley – A conveyor pulley used to redirect the belt and provide belt tension where bends occur in the conveyor system. |
###
| PLAIN LAGGING:This style of finish is suitable for any pulley in the conveyor system where watershed is not necessary. It provides additional protection against belt wear, therefore, increasing the life of the pulley. |
| DIAMOND GROOVE LAGGING:This is the standard pattern on all Specdrum lagged conveyor pulleys. It is primarily used for reversing conveyor drive pulleys. It is also often used to allow bi-directional pulley rotation, and the pattern allows water to be dispersed away from the belt. |
| HERRINGBONE LAGGING:The herringbone pattern’s grooves are in the direction of rotation, and offers superior tractive properties. Each groove allows water and other liquids to escape between the face of the drum pulley and the belt. Herringbone grooved pulleys are directional and should be applied to the conveyor in a manner in which the grooves point toward the direction of the belt travel. |
| CHEVRON LAGGING:Some customers specify that the points of the groove should meet – as done in Chevron styled lagging. As before with the herringbone style, this would be used on drive drum pulleys and should be fitted in the correct manner, so as to allow proper use of the pattern and water dispersion also. |
| CERAMIC LAGGING:The Ceramic tiles are moulded into the lagging which is then cold bonded to the drum pulley. This style of finish allows excellent traction and reduces slippage, meaning that the belt tension is lower and, therefore as a result, increases the life of the pulley. |
| WELD-ON STRIP LAGGING: Weld-On Strip Lagging can be applied to bi-directional pulleys, and also has a finish to allow the easy dispersion of water or any fluids between the drum pulley and the belt. |
###
| 1. Drum or Shell:The drum is the portion of the pulley in direct contact with the belt. The shell is fabricated from either a rolled sheet of steel or from hollow steel tubing. |
| 2.Diaphragm Plates: The diaphragm or end plates of a pulley are circular discs which are fabricated from thick steel plate and which are welded into the shell at each end, to strengthen the drum.The end plates are bored in their centre to accommodate the pulley Shaft and the hubs for the pulley locking elements. |
| 3.Shaft :The shaft is designed to accommodate all the applied forces from the belt and / or the drive unit, with minimum deflection. The shaft is located and locked to the hubs of the end discs by means of a locking elements. The shaft and hence pulley shafts are often stepped. |
| 4.Locking Elements:These are high-precision manufactured items which are fitted over the shaft and into the pulley hubs. The locking elements attach the pulley firmly to the shaft via the end plates. |
| 5.Hubs:The hubs are fabricated and machined housings which are welded into the end plates. |
| 6.Lagging: It is sometimes necessary or desirable to improve the friction between the conveyor belt and the pulley in order to improve the torque that can be transmitted through a drive pulley. Improved traction over a pulley also assists with the training of the belt. In such cases pulley drum surfaces are `lagged` or covered in a rubberized material. |
| 7.Bearing: Bearings used for conveyor pulleys are generally spherical roller bearings, chosen for their radial and axial load supporting characteristics. The bearings are self-aligning relative to their raceways, which means that the bearings can be ‘misaligned’ relative to the shaft and plummer blocks, to a certain degree. In practical terms this implies that the bending of the shaft under loaded conditions as well as minor misalignment of the pulley support structure, can be accommodated by the bearing. |
###
| 1.Different types of Laggings can meet all kinds of complex engineering requirements. |
| 2.Advanced welding technology ensures the connection strength between Shell and End-Disk. |
| 3.High-strength Locking Elements can satisfy torque and bending requirements. |
| 4.T-shape End-Discs provide highest performance and reliability. |
| 5.The standardized Bearing Assembly makes it more convenient for the end user to replace it. |
| 6.Excellent raw material and advanced processing technology enable the shaft can withstand enough torque. |
| 7.Low maintenance for continued operation and low total cost of ownership. |
| 8.Scientific design process incorporating Finite Element Analysis. |
###
| MACHINE:We have advanced laser cutting machines, a complete set of intelligent sheet metal forming equipment, robot welding and other processing and testing equipment. |
| PAINTING: We use electrostatic spraying to ensure variety, model and quality of coatings, thinners and curing agents should meet the design requirements and the current relevant national standards. The steel surface should be free of welding slag, welding scars, dust, oil, water and burrs before painting. No mispainting or omission, and the coating should be free of peeling and rust. Inspection method: observation and inspection. Uniform brushing, consistent color, no wrinkles,sagging and bubbles, good adhesion, and the color separation line should be clear and neat. |
| DELIVERY:The goods and product factory certificate, installation and use instructions and drawings, a full set of connectors. After the equipment arrives at the site, the company immediately arranges professional and technical personnel to guide the installation on site to provide customers with satisfactory services. |
| PACKAGE:Packed with steel frame or wooden box, according to the standardfor trade export or according to the special requirements of customers. |
Pulley Type
There are several types of pulleys. These include fixed pulleys, load multipliers and movable pulleys. Below is a description of each pulley type. A load multiplier is a special type of pulley with multiple wheels for increased lifting capacity. It is used in a wide range of applications including power transmission and construction. Some common uses of pulleys are listed below.
moving pulley
Movable pulleys work by transferring the weight of a load to another object of the same mass. Since a live pulley is inherently frictionless and weightless, the force required to lift a load with it is the same as the weight of the load. This principle applies to tall buildings and residences. It is an excellent choice for lifting heavy objects such as furniture and washing machines.
A pulley is a mechanical device with a wheel that rotates on a shaft. The axle is attached to the wheel and is usually fixed. The movable pulley can be fixed or movable, both of which can change the direction of the force on the rope. Some pulleys can also change the magnitude and direction of the force. They are ideal for a variety of applications, from lifting heavy objects to transporting objects.
Another type of movable pulley works by transmitting force to another object. It has a free axis and the total force provided by the rope tension is balanced. Since the tension on the rope is constant in each segment, pulling one end of the rope will double the force on the shaft, resulting in two mechanical advantages. This mechanical advantage is the main reason why movable pulleys are so versatile.
Another form of moving pulley is called a KWL diagram. The KWL diagram summarizes the basic concepts of the drive wheel. KWL diagrams are an excellent way to assess a student’s understanding of the concepts discussed in the course. Word questions are a great way to check whether students understand concepts. When students answer the word questions correctly, the answer is yes!
Fixed wheel pulley
If you need to move heavy objects, a single fixed wheel pulley is not a good choice. Using a single fixed pulley might be similar to using a handbag, but it’s not very convenient. This type of pulley system relies on friction to transmit motion. As a result, it can slip and isn’t always reliable. Fortunately, you can find other options that work just as well.
Fixed pulleys are the most basic type of pulley. They consist of grooved wheels and ropes attached to objects. These pulleys make lifting easier. Because the rope or cable only moves in one direction, the movement of the object feels lighter. And they are also easy to install. However, before you buy a fixed wheel pulley, make sure it is strong enough to support the weight of the load.
The disadvantages of fixed pulleys are obvious. One of them is the lack of mechanical advantage. A fixed pulley pulls up with the same force as a single moving pulley, and a single fixed pulley is not particularly effective as a force multiplier. However, the effect is more pronounced when you combine multiple fixed-wheel pulleys. You will get double the power! So what do fixed wheel pulleys have to offer?
Fixed wheel pulleys can be as small as a ring. A single ring pulley requires twice as much force as the weight being pulled. Adding more loops to the rope will reduce the effort required to pull the weight. The mechanical advantage of a fixed pulley is proportional to the number of strands running to the free pulley. A 100-pound pull on the free end will lift a 300-pound load.
composite pulley
Compound pulleys are pulleys that can be used to change the direction of a control wire. It can also be used to modify the mechanical force of the wire by moving the item it is connected to. In galleons, compound pulleys are more common. They are often combined with other ropes for mechanical advantage. Here are some common uses for composite pulleys.
The ideal mechanical advantage of a pulley is equal to the number of rope segments that pull up the load. This means that the more rope segments, the less force is required. A compound pulley will have the ideal mechanical advantage of 2, which means it will generate more force than a simple pulley. Composite pulleys are also more efficient at transmitting force because their number of rope segments is usually equal to the unit weight.
Composite pulley systems use more than two pulleys and ropes. More pulleys will reduce the force required to move heavier objects. They are usually used in large sailboats. The system is also used on construction sites. It can be used for a variety of applications, including lifting large objects or transmitting electricity. You can imagine how it would change your life if you had to move a large sailboat, but the result would be the same: a composite pulley system would make it easier to lift a large sailboat.
Composite pulleys are also known as fixed pulleys. The fixed pulley is stationary, and the movable pulley moves back and forth. The latter is more effective when used with a detachable cord or strap. On the other hand, a moving pulley is a moving pulley and it gives you a mechanical advantage. You can imagine this pulley on a flagpole.
load multiplier
The multiplication system has three basic parts: the rope grab, the connector, and the pulley. While some basic multipliers may combine the three parts, the concept remains the same. The multiplication system can make pulling the rope easier by reducing the amount of friction that occurs. Below are some examples of multiplication systems. A compact rope grab is a great option for resetting the multiplier.
The load reduction that a pulley system can achieve is proportional to the number of ropes used to support it. Although most utility pulley systems use only four ropes, the theoretical maximum load reduction is a quarter of the actual load. In other words, the four-wheel system only reduces the weight of a 1,000-pound load by a quarter. That would require 167 pounds of force, a far cry from the 500-pound load a single pulley system can achieve.
The mechanical advantage of a pulley system can be calculated by calculating the ratio between the forces exerted on each wire. For example, a 90-kilogram load is supported by three ropes, each weighing about thirty-five pounds. The ropes on pulleys A and B each carry a load of 60 kg. Using this formula, a single pulley system will yield a mechanical advantage over two tractors.
To calculate the force required to pull the rope over the pulley, measure the angle and deflection between the ropes. The deflection angle when added to the included angle should equal 180 degrees. A 75 degree angle requires 159% of the load force. This means a total load multiplier of four. This formula is an important tool for calculating the force multiple of the pulley.
Disadvantages of fixed pulleys
There are two basic types of pulleys: movable and fixed. Active pulleys are more advanced, allowing the pulley to move according to the load. They reduce the force required to lift the load. Active roller pulleys are more compact and therefore take up less space. Both types are good for lifting heavier objects, but they each have their pros and cons.
Fixed wheel pulleys can be used to lift heavy objects. This type of pulley consists of a wheel with a fixed shaft that has grooves on its edges for guiding ropes or cables. This is a simple machine as no motor or engine is required to lift objects. When two or more wheels are used together, the ropes around the wheels form a powerful hoist.
Single wheel pulleys are not suitable for lifting. They tend to push things down. Also, they are unreliable because they rely on friction and can slip. Also, a single wheel pulley would require a lot of space. Another disadvantage of fixed-wheel pulleys is that they make it difficult to move heavy objects easily. Single fixed-wheel pulleys also tend to slip easily, making them a poor choice for many applications.
Fixed wheel pulleys are also easier to install and maintain than manually operated ones. It requires less space and lubrication than manual pulleys. Manual pulleys can cause injury because the operator will be lifting the full weight of the heavy object. Additionally, rope slippage can lead to muscle strains and rope burns. And the system requires frequent maintenance.
editor by czh 2022-12-30